CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings
type: channel
description: The CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings series publishes the proceedings of the CERN Schools of High-Energy Physics and the proceedings of the CERN Accelerator School organized by CERN and previously published in the Proceedings of the CERN Schools of High-Energy Physics and in the CERN Reports (Yellow Reports) series respectively.
publisher: CERN
language: en-US
publication name: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings
issn: 2519-8041
copyright: Authors who publish with this publication agree to the following terms: CERN retains copyright and publishes the work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for distribution of the published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this series. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
items: Part IV—Appendix: Origin and history of JUAS
items: IV.1 — The origin of JUAS, 1990–1993
items: IV.2 — The history of JUAS, 1994–2024
items: IV.3 — JUAS during the period 1994–2000
items: IV.4 — JUAS during the period 2001–2005
items: IV.5 — JUAS during the period 2006–2010
items: IV.6 — JUAS during the period 2011–2016
items: IV.7 — JUAS during the period 2017–2020
items: IV.8 — JUAS during 2021
items: IV.9 — JUAS during the period 2022–2024
items: Part I — The science of particle accelerators—JUAS Course 1
items: I.1 — Electromagnetism
items: I.2 — Special relativity
items: I.3 — Transverse beam dynamics
items: I.4 — Longitudinal beam dynamics
items: I.5 — MAD-X simulation code
items: I.6 — PyHEADTAIL tutorials
items: I.7 — Injection and extraction
items: I.8 — Transverse linear imperfections
items: I.9 — Transverse nonlinear effects
items: I.10 — Synchrotron radiation
items: I.11 — Linear particle accelerators
items: I.12 — Collective effects
items: I.13 — Cyclotrons and fixed field alternating gradient accelerators
items: I.14 — Accelerator design workshop
items: Part II — The technology and applications of particle accelerators— JUAS Course 2
items: II.1 — Introduction to radio frequency engineering
items: II.2 — RF engineering
items: II.3 — Normal conducting magnets
items: II.4 — Superconductivity: introduction on RF vs. magnets
items: II.5 — Superconducting RF cavities
items: II.6 — Superconducting magnets
items: II.7 — Cryogenics for superconducting devices
items: II.8 — Vacuum systems
items: II.9 — Beam instrumentation
items: II.10 — Particle sources
items: II.11 — Survey and alignment of accelerators
items: II.12 — Accelerator controls
items: II.13 — Radiation safety
items: II.14 — Applications of low-energy accelerators
items: II.15 — High-power proton linacs
items: II.16 — Accelerators for medical and industrial applications
items: II.17 — Physics and accelerators for particle therapy
items: II.18 — Life-cycle and operability of particle accelerators
items: Part III—A century of particle accelerators—JUAS seminars
items: III.1 — Particle accelerators, instruments of discovery in physics
items: III.2 — Particle accelerators in the XXI century
items: III.3 — Introduction to CERN and its accelerator complex
items: III.4 — Colliders for particle physics
items: ***III.4.1 — Introduction
items: ***III.4.2 — LHC and HL-LHC
items: ***III.4.3 — Nuclear collisions at the LHC
items: ***III.4.4 — The Future CERN Circular hadron collider
items: ***III.4.5 — Electron-positron circular colliders
items: ***III.4.6 — Future high-energy linear lepton colliders
items: ***III.4.7 — The US electron ion collider
items: ***III.4.8 — Muon collider
items: III.5 — Non-linear beam manipulations in the transverse space
items: III.6 — Beam coupling impedance measurements with beam and on a bench
items: III.7 — X-ray free-electron-lasers
items: III.8 — Energy recovery linacs
items: III.9 — Accelerator driven systems
items: III.10 — Dielectric laser accelerators
items: III.11 — Radiation oncology: biology, physics and clinical applications
items: III.12 — Machine learning
items: III.13 — CERN LIU project: beam dynamics aspects and solutions
items: III.14 — CERN beamline for fixed-target experiments
items: III.15 — Plasma wakefield acceleration and the AWAKE experiment at CERN
items: III.16 — Magnets for future colliders: the Muon Collider as a case study
items: Front matter
items: Preface
items: Table of contents

Part IV—Appendix: Origin and history of JUAS
type: item
description: Part IV is an appendix to these proceedings, dedicated to the origin and history of this unique school. It shows how its present status results from successive improvements in the syllabus, pedagogy, and organisation due to the ongoing efforts of the JUAS Directors and boards. They follow the ongoing developments in the field and strive to meet the requirements of all those involved, including partner universities and institutions, whose numbers have increased over the years. While the main structure has remained unchanged from the beginning—consisting of two five-week sessions dedicated to the science and technology of particle accelerators within an academic framework—much more time is now devoted to direct interaction between students and scientists. The administrative structure is presented alongside its main support, the European Scientific Institute (ESI). Following this, some enlightening statistics regarding the students, lecturers, contributors, and partner universities and institutions are provided. The progression of female participation over the years still seems to be slow, despite the presence of some prominent role models in the discipline. It takes time for women to find their rightful place and become visible. The 2024 classes of JUAS, with almost equal representation of female and male students, offer some hope. The seven successive Directors reflect on their respective periods and offer their personal viewpoints. Group photographs taken over the years make a veiled reference to the passage of time, while many other images perfectly illustrate the permanent academic ambiance, which is both cheerful and serious.
creator: Part editors: Elias Métral and Louis Rinolfi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-20
publication date: 2024-11-20
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2201
ending page: 2201
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2201

IV.1 — The origin of JUAS, 1990–1993
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The origin of the Joint Universities Accelerator School can be traced back to a collaboration between CERN-based physicists, ESRF and the Université Joseph Fourier in Grenoble, France, in 1990. This led to a formal collaboration with the CERN Directorate to implement a joint universities school in Archamps (France) with the support of the Haute-Savoie local authorities.
creator: Marcelle Rey-Campagnolle
creator: Louis Rinolfi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-20
publication date: 2024-11-20
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2203
ending page: 2203
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2203

IV.2 — The history of JUAS, 1994–2024
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The first official JUAS school was held in 1994: this chapter gives a brief history of the school over the 30 years.
creator: Marcelle Rey-Campagnolle
creator: Jo¨el Le Duff
creator: Fran¸cois M´eot
creator: Louis Rinolfi
creator: Philippe Lebrun
creator: John M. Jowett
creator: Elias M´etral
creator: Bob Holland
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-20
publication date: 2024-11-20
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2211
ending page: 2211
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2211

IV.3 — JUAS during the period 1994–2000
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This chapter covers how the JUAS came into being, the period Marcelle Rey-Campagnolle was JUAS director (i.e. between 1994 and 2000).
creator: Marcelle Rey-Campagnolle
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-20
publication date: 2024-11-20
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2239
ending page: 2239
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2239

IV.4 — JUAS during the period 2001–2005
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This chapter covers the period Joël Le Duff was JUAS director (i.e. between 2001 and 2005).
creator: Joël Le Duff
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-20
publication date: 2024-11-20
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2263
ending page: 2263
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2263

IV.5 — JUAS during the period 2006–2010
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This chapter covers the period François Méot was JUAS director (i.e. between 2006 and 2010).<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">
creator: François Méot
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-20
publication date: 2024-11-20
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2273
ending page: 2273
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2273

IV.6 — JUAS during the period 2011–2016
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This chapter covers the period Louis Rinolfi was JUAS Director (i.e. between 2011 and 2016). It <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">also includes the period 1994–2002, when Louis was teaching the “longitudinal beam dynamics” <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">course. It also covers the transition, in 2010, between François Méot and Louis Rinolfi.
creator: Louis Rinolfi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-20
publication date: 2024-11-20
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2287
ending page: 2287
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2287

IV.7 — JUAS during the period 2017–2020
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This chapter covers the period Philippe Lebrun was JUAS director (i.e. between 2017 and 2020).
creator: Philippe Lebrun
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-20
publication date: 2024-11-20
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2337
ending page: 2337
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2337

IV.8 — JUAS during 2021
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This chapter covers the period John M. Jowett was JUAS director (i.e. from mid-2020 to mid-2021).
creator: John M. Jowett
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-20
publication date: 2024-11-20
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2349
ending page: 2349
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2349

IV.9 — JUAS during the period 2022–2024
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This chapter covers the period Elias Métral was JUAS director (i.e. as of August 2021).
creator: Elias Métral
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-20
publication date: 2024-11-20
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2357
ending page: 2357
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2357

Part I — The science of particle accelerators—JUAS Course 1
type: item
description: Part I, covering JUAS Course 1, is dedicated to the science of particle accelerators, i.e. the basic theoretical foundations. As in the subsequent part, many exercises are provided, along with their solutions, to give students a comprehensive understanding of each step. Two chapters outline the fundamentals of electromagnetism and special relativity that are required to understand how these machines work. A tutorial section and a few selected references complete this presentation. Two additional chapters provide an extensive overview of transverse and longitudinal beam dynamics, focusing on synchrotrons and storage rings. Two simulation codes are introduced from a practical point of view: MAD-X, which is widely used for transverse beam dynamics, and PyHEADTAIL, which is used for longitudinal dynamics. Then, different methods of injection and extraction of a beam in an accelerator are explained. As the machines are not perfect, one chapter addresses transverse linear imperfections and another one addresses non-linear effects, including methods for managing and partially correcting them. A chapter is devoted to synchrotron radiation, the source of more than 60 X-ray light sources in operation around the world. The interaction of X-rays with matter provides a wide range of applications for scientific research and industry, explaining the growing demand for new facilities. This is followed by a discussion of the advantages and drawbacks of linear accelerators. Their design and structure depend on the type of particles accelerated and the required parameters. Details of the technology are given. These machines have a large number of applications in healthcare and industry; in fundamental research, they are mainly used as injectors for synchrotrons and colliders. Collective effects perturb particle motion and play a crucial role in determining the ultimate performance of an accelerator. Cyclotrons, the most widely used hadron accelerators, are compact devices with a 100% …
creator: Part editors: Elias Métral and Joël Le Duff
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1
ending page: 1
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1

I.1 — Electromagnetism
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Electromagnetic fields are at the heart of accelerators. They accelerate, focus and guide charged particles and they are responsible for the stability as well as the instability of particle beams. Their range goes from constant fields up to very fast changing fields with<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">frequencies of many GHz. Since electromagnetism is part of the university curriculum, we restrict ourselves to a review of some basics which are important to deal with problems in particle accelerators.<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text…
creator: Heino Henke
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 3
ending page: 3
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.3

I.2 — Special relativity
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">In most situations particle accelerators use beams at nearly the speed of light. Without Einstein’s <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">theory of Special Relativity, they simply wouldn’t work. Since the theory is typically part of the<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">university curriculum, we restrict ou…
creator: Heino Henke
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 39
ending page: 39
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.39

I.3 — Transverse beam dynamics
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The transverse beam dynamics of charged particles in an accelerator describes the movement of <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">single particles under the influence of external transverse bending and focusing fields with main<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">focus on synchrotrons or storage rings. Star…
creator: Bernhard Holzer
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 73
ending page: 73
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.73

I.4 — Longitudinal beam dynamics
type: item
description: Longitudinal beam dynamics in particle accelerators treats the acceleration as well as the focusing (bunching) of the particles in the longitudinal direction. In this lecture, general aspects of particle acceleration are first exposed before focusing on acceleration with RF systems and the synchrotron design. The concept of synchronous particle and the relevant differential equations for that reference point are demonstrated. Longitudinal equations of motion for non-synchronous particles are derived to analyze the motion of all non-ideal particles in the longitudinal phase space (synchrotron motion). Derivations are done first by solving linearized equations, followed by solutions relying on non-linear terms to put in evidence the concepts of RF bucket and acceptance. A final part is devoted to real life applications and examples of operational aspects. All along, exercises are proposed to guide the reader and provide insights in practical accelerator parameters encountered for CERN synchrotrons.
creator: Alexandre Lasheen
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 167
ending page: 167
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.167

I.5 — MAD-X simulation code
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">MAD-X is a general-purpose beam optics code with a long history, aiming to be at the forefront of <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">computational physics in the field of particle accelerator design and simulations. In this chapter,<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">the potential and the limitations of t…
creator: Nuria Fuster Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 257
ending page: 257
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.257

I.6 — PyHEADTAIL tutorials
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The macro-particle tracking code PyHEADTAIL simulates the dynamics of charged particle beams <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">in the presence of collective effects: direct space charge, beam coupling impedance and electron<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">clouds. For the JUAS course PyHEADTAIL has bee…
creator: Benoit Salvant
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 313
ending page: 313
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.313

I.7 — Injection and extraction
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">A particle accelerator has limited dynamic range, so a chain of accelerators is required to reach <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">high energies. A combination of septa and kicker magnets is used to extract and inject beam from<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">one ring to the next. Injections can be p…
creator: Nicola Carmignani
creator: Thomas Perron
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 323
ending page: 323
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.323

I.8 — Transverse linear imperfections
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This chapter addresses transverse linear imperfections in particle accelerators, with a particular <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">focus on their impact on the transverse dynamics of particle beams in circular accelerators. The<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">primary sources of these imperfections i…
creator: Hannes Bartosik
creator: Davide Gamba
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 341
ending page: 341
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.341

I.9 — Transverse nonlinear effects
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This chapter provides a basic introduction to nonlinear effects in particle accelerators. It covers <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">important concepts like resonance driving terms, resonances, tune diagram and chaotic motion,<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">which are crucial for understanding how pa…
creator: Hannes Bartosik
creator: Sofia Kostoglou
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 385
ending page: 385
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.385

I.10 — Synchrotron radiation
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Electrons circulating in a storage ring emit synchrotron radiation<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">. The spectrum of this powerful<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">radiation spans from the far infrared to the X-rays. Synchrotron radiation has evolved from being<span style="caret-color: #000000; color:…
creator: Rasmus Ischebeck
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 433
ending page: 433
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.433

I.11 — Linear particle accelerators
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">A linac (linear accelerator) is a system that allows to accelerate charged particles through a <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">linear trajectory by electromagnetic fields. This kind of accelerator finds several applications in<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">fundamental research and industry. The ma…
creator: David Alesini
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 479
ending page: 479
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.479

I.12 — Collective effects
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Particle accelerators use external electromagnetic fields to guide and accelerate charged particles. In <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">a real machine, however, there is another source of electromagnetic fields, the beam itself, which,<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">interacting with the accelerator…
creator: Mauro Migliorati
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 539
ending page: 539
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.539

I.13 — Cyclotrons and fixed field alternating gradient accelerators
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The cyclotrons are the most used hadron accelerators: they represent a compact and efficient solution<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">with 100% duty cycle, very well adapted for the medical applications and for the nuclear physics<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; co…
creator: Bertrand Jacquot
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 605
ending page: 605
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.605

I.14 — Accelerator design workshop
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">After studying the relevant aspects of accelerators topic by topic, it is time to gain hands-on <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">experience by designing a realistic particle accelerator. This chapter describes the accelerator design<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">workshop which takes place at the en…
creator: Bastian Härer
creator: Adrian Oeftiger
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 661
ending page: 661
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.661

Part II — The technology and applications of particle accelerators— JUAS Course 2
type: item
description: Part II, covering JUAS Course 2, is the "heaviest" part: the technology and applications of particle accelerators. The first chapters deal with the core of the machines, the equipment that accelerates particle beams (RF systems) and those that bend or steer them (magnets). After reviewing the electromagnetism theory underlying the RF engineering of accelerators and the key aspects of this technology (cavities, power sources, etc.), a long chapter introduces basic RF concepts and principles relevant to the design of accelerator RF systems. The limitations of using copper technology to increase the particle energy led to the development of superconducting RF cavities. An overview of the state of the art of superconducting RF technology is given, and this underlines the importance of surface preparation and of diagnostics of RF superconductors. A similar approach applies to magnets: the foundational principles and tools required for the analytical design of a simple accelerator magnet are followed by those relevant to superconducting magnets. Here, superconductivity allows enormous savings in weight, volume, and energy consumption. Another chapter explores the advantages of using superconductors in accelerators, the conditions under which superconducting magnets and superconducting RF cavities are used, and the optimisations required for these materials. This is followed by a brief overview of cryogenics—applicable to the cooling of these superconducting devices—that "presents the basic processes, gives the correct orders of magnitude, and alerts the system designer to possible pitfalls". Another essential component of an accelerator is its vacuum system, as the circulating beam must avoid collisions with any molecules along its path to maintain its quality. Vacuum science and technology have been established and refined over a long period; however, since the advent of cryogenics in accelerators, vacuum conditions at cryogenic temperatures have been further studied, le…
creator: Part editor: Frédérick Bordry
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 731
ending page: 731
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.731

II.1 — Introduction to radio frequency engineering
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">RF engineering in particle accelerators is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles of electromagnetism, RF technology, control systems, and beam physics to ensure the efficient and reliable acceleration of charged particles for various scientific and <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">industrial applications. The aim of this chapter is to review the electromagnetic field theory behind the practice discussed in the following RF engineering section. Starting from Maxwell’s equation in vacuum and their solution, we discuss the most commonly used<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> boundary conditions. We review the general boundary value problem to show the properties of electromagnetic fields in cylindrical metallic waveguides. W…
creator: Andrea Mostacci
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 733
ending page: 733
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.733

II.2 — RF engineering
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Radio-frequency (RF) engineering is a subset of <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">electrical engineering,<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">here focused on the application of resonant<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-vari…
creator: Christine Vollinger
creator: Manfred Wendt
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 765
ending page: 765
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.765

II.3 — Normal conducting magnets
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This chapter aims to provide the guidance and tools necessary to carry out the analytical design of a simple accelerator magnet. As the chapter unfolds, we will explain some basic concepts, magnet types, and important aspects to consider before moving on to <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">the actual design phase. The central part of this chapter is dedicated to a step-by-step explanation of how to develop a basic magnet design. We will cover a range of subjects like the layout of the magnetic circuit, excitation coils and cooling circuits, along with a<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight…
creator: Thomas Zickler
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1001
ending page: 1001
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1001

II.4 — Superconductivity: introduction on RF vs. magnets
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The aim of this lecture is to provide to physicists non-expert in material science a glimpse on how materials are tailored (and must be chosen) for their specific applications in accelerators. After an introduction the lecture is divided in three parts: 1) Recall on superconductivity: how and when to use the various models, 2) Vortex behavior: how it fixes the limits of operation in a superconductor, 3) Optimization of superconducting materials according to their applications.
creator: Claire Z. Antoine
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1057
ending page: 1057
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1057

II.5 — Superconducting RF cavities
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The application of superconducting materials in RF cavities has gained a huge interest in the particle accelerator field over the last five decades. In particular, the accelerating gradients have been increased considerably due to progress in the understanding of the <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">limiting factors at the beginning. Such limiting factors were in particular multipacting and issues in surface preparation and related technology. Also, advances in material technology play a very important role. Today superconducting RF cavities are indispensable<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> elements for many particle accelerators. A number of examples are presented and also measurement techniques for the characterisation of importan…
creator: Fritz Caspers
creator: Sergio Calatroni
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1085
ending page: 1085
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1085

II.6 — Superconducting magnets
type: item
description: This chapter summarizes the material covered on this subject during a course of about eight hours to provide an introduction on superconducting magnets for particle accelerators, and in particular dipole and quadrupole magnets, with low-temperature superconducting materials. The course, focusing on the basic principles, physical parameters, and analytical and numerical tools related to superconducting magnet design, is subdivided in five parts.
creator: Paolo Ferracin
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1155
ending page: 1155
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1155

II.7 — Cryogenics for superconducting devices
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This introduction to cryogenics focuses on the aspects of low-temperature science and technology applicable to the cooling of superconducting devices: properties of cryogenic fluids (helium and nitrogen) as compared to solid materials, refrigeration and liquefaction, heat transfer and thermal insulation, and use of cold vapour for thermal screening in cryostats and ancillaries such as current leads.
creator: Philippe Lebrun
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1243
ending page: 1243
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1243

II.8 — Vacuum systems
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Vacuum for accelerators is a transverse field across several engineering and scientific disciplines. This lecture introduces the fundamentals of vacuum science and technology and presents the main aspects with a special focus on particle accelerators.
creator: Vincent Baglin
creator: Roberto Kersevan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1259
ending page: 1259
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1259

II.9 — Beam instrumentation
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The determination of beam parameters is essential for the operation and development of any accelerator facility. The working principle of frequently used beam instruments for electron and proton beams is discussed. The article includes the beam instrumentation <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">for beam current determination, methods for transverse profile and emittance diagnostics, the usage of beam position monitors for bunched beams, bunch shape measurement and the usage of beam loss monitors. The article also deals with the physical basis of<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; …
creator: Peter Forck
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1339
ending page: 1339
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1339

II.10 — Particle sources
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The particle sources create the beam which will next be used in accelerators. The chapter proposes an introduction to particle sources physics and technology. It starts with basics on the beam emittance formation from particle sources and how to filter unwanted <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">low energy beams prior to their acceleration to high energy. The next part proposes an introduction to the three existing electron sources types and their basics of physics: thermionic, field emission and photo-emission electron guns. The chapter continues with a<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight:…
creator: Thomas Thuillier
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1529
ending page: 1529
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1529

II.11 — Survey and alignment of accelerators
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The present chapter summarizes the survey and alignment processes of accelerators and transfer lines. The major geodetic principles governing the survey and alignment measurement space are revisited and their relationship to a lattice coordinate system <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">shown. The chapter continues with a broad overview about the activities involved in the step by step sequence from the initial discussions on alignment strategy to final smoothing. Emphasis is given to the relative alignment of components and the corresponding<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> instrumentation and method. The R&D for the alignment of future accelerators is also introduced. This chapter also aims at considering the benefits of integrating …
creator: Jean-Christophe Gayde
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1601
ending page: 1601
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1601

II.12 — Accelerator controls
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">All particle accelerators depend on control systems to integrate different devices and the autonomous controllers that are distributed throughout the facility into one coherent infrastructure. The control system provides an abstraction layer between hardware and <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">the operators, and creates the environment that allows scientists to carry out their experiments. It also enables the technical support groups to compare previous data with current one in order to enhance the performance of their systems. This chapter provides an<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> introduction into the structure and design of such control systems.
creator: Elke Zimoch
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1637
ending page: 1637
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1637

II.13 — Radiation safety
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The purpose of this lecture is to provide insight into the importance of managing ionising radiation hazard. Unfortunately, this hazard cannot be removed when operating with accelerators, and the level of the risk depends on the type and usage of the accelerators. <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Understanding why radiation safety is needed and the lessons learned from serious accidents involving the ionising radiation hazard is essential. Also, the role of international organisations providing an external and rigorous approach to handling this hazard is<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weigh…
creator: Xavier Queralt
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1653
ending page: 1653
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1653

II.14 — Applications of low-energy accelerators
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Particle accelerators have been invented and developed almost exclusively as tools for the exploration of the subatomic world. In the wake of these big high-energy facilities, about forty-five thousand small accelerators are at work every day, almost unnoticed. <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">These accelerators, which represent about 95% of all accelerators operating worldwide, have an energy not larger than 50 MeV. They produce beams of particles and photons, and are used in hospitals, in manufacturing plants, in small research laboratories, in<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: norma…
creator: Willy Mondelaers
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1757
ending page: 1757
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1757

II.15 — High-power proton linacs
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">High-power proton linacs are envisaged as drivers for numerous applications, such as neutron spallation sources for condensed matter study, neutrino factories, muon colliders, hybrid systems for transmutation or energy production, production of rare isotope <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">beams for nuclear physics studies, etc. These linear accelerators are intended to deliver proton beams of up to several MW and tens of MW power and operate with CW or pulsed high-intensity beams. In the rest of this chapter, these accelerator types will be<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> discussed with a focus on one or two projects as examples to demonstrate the building blocks of accelerators and their applications.
creator: Mamad Eshraqi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1795
ending page: 1795
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1795

II.16 — Accelerators for medical and industrial applications
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Classical, isochronous, and synchro-cyclotrons are introduced. Transverse and longitudinal beam dynamics in these accelerators are covered. The problem of vertical focusing and isochronism in compact isochronous cyclotrons is treated in some detail. Different <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">methods for isochronization of the cyclotron magnetic field are discussed. Typical features of the synchro-cyclotron, such as the beam capture problem, stable phase motion, and the extraction problem are discussed. The main design goals for beam injection are<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: norma…
creator: Erik Van Der Kraaij
creator: Wiel Kleeven
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1817
ending page: 1817
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1817

II.17 — Physics and accelerators for particle therapy
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">At the Paul Scherer Institute (PSI) radiation therapy is performed by means of proton beams. Proton therapy is one of the particle therapies, in which energetic ions (mostly protons and carbon ions) are used to treat cancer patient by irradiating the tumor with high <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">precision. At PSI the radiation dose is applied by a proton beam of max 250 MeV. In this chapter, the interactions of energetic ions with matter (tissue) and the way particle therapy is applied are discussed, followed by a description of the PSI’s medical proton<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> cyclotron and the treatment rooms in which the dose is applied to the patient.
creator: Jacobus Maarten Schippers
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1841
ending page: 1841
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1841

II.18 — Life-cycle and operability of particle accelerators
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Particle accelerators are used to generate particle beams for different kinds of use. Operability must be easy and simple for an industrial version with a high Technological Readiness Level (TRL), or complex and critical for large single accelerators designed for <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">new research objectives. Our present text mainly focuses on this second type of specific machines and facilities. <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Beyond associated physics and technologies considerations, they are systems and facilities to be designed, constructed, and used for the expected purposes. The particle accelerators devoted to research have generally a long life (> 20 years) and history<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000…
creator: Samuel Meyroneinc
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1853
ending page: 1853
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1853

Part III—A century of particle accelerators—JUAS seminars
type: item
description: Part III features the seminars given to illustrate the courses. What purposes do the accelerators serve? How did the technology develop? What are the links between the different fields in which accelerators are used? Insights into practical applications improve the integration of the courses. The ongoing demand from fundamental research and societal applications is now evolving within the framework of sustainability, leading to the introduction of new technologies that shift from “incremental innovation” to “disruptive innovation”. The evolution of the CERN accelerator complex over 70 years is a good example of the remarkable development of the discipline. In the 16 chapters, many colliders are reviewed; these machines allow high energies to be reached, seeking to produce new particles. Some of these are already in operation, while others are under construction or still at the research stage. Other recent facilities include X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs), energy-recovery linacs (ERLs), and accelerator-driven systems (ADSs), which are being considered for the transmutation of long-lived nuclear waste. Machine learning, as a mathematical tool, is investigated for its potential to improve accelerator operation. One chapter illustrates the design of beamlines derived from the main CERN accelerators (PSB, PS, and SPS) for fixed-target experiments. Radiation oncology (biology, physics, and clinical applications) is introduced by a hospital doctor, focusing on historical developments and future perspectives; vast improvements in curability and reduced toxicity have already been obtained.
creator: Part editor: Philippe Lebrun
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1869
ending page: 1869
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1869

III.1 — Particle accelerators, instruments of discovery in physics
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The idea of this seminar stemmed from questions by JUAS students who were trying to understand the links between the developments in accelerator science and technology and the advances in nuclear and particle physics that they permitted or conversely that stimulated them. It is by no means an exhaustive history of any of these fields, but rather the presentation of a few selected cases of didactical interest to non-experts in particle or nuclear physics.
creator: Philippe Lebrun
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1871
ending page: 1871
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1871

III.2 — Particle accelerators in the XXI century
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Particle accelerators are sophisticated instruments designed to concentrate energy at atomic and subatomic scales and use it to explore matter, generate secondary beams, or drive industrial processes. Their impressive evolution over the last century has been <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">driven by a series of innovations, the last one being the widespread introduction of superconductivity at the end of the XX century. <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">In this XXI century, the demand for more scientific discoveries and for a wider use of accelerators for societal applications is high, but to sustain their growth accelerators need to increase their performance while meeting new sustainability goals. In this dynamic<span style="caret-…
creator: Maurizio Vretenar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1889
ending page: 1889
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1889

III.3 — Introduction to CERN and its accelerator complex
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The CERN accelerator complex has evolved over nearly 70 years, from the first 16 m circumference machine in 1957, the Synchrocyclotron, to the most powerful synchrotron in the world to today, the LHC, with 27 km circumference. In between, a series of <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">machines were designed, installed and commissioned and most of them are still in operation serving, with an impressive zoo of particles, the very rich and diverse physics programmes carried out at CERN. This chapter gives an overview of the proton and ion<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> accelerator complex, as well as a summary of the different fixed-target experimental areas and facilities served by the complex.
creator: Reyes Alemany Fern´andez
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1903
ending page: 1903
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1903

III.4 — Colliders for particle physics
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This chapter includes a short introduction on colliders with their main figure of merit, the luminosity, and the pile-up in the experiments' detectors, followed by seven sections, offering an overview of the different types of colliders used for particle physics <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">experiments, which have been discussed during the past JUAS schools. Introduction, LHC and HL-LHC, Nuclear collisions at the LHC, The Future CERN Circular hadron collider (FCC-hh), Electron-positron circular colliders, Future high-energy linear lepton colliders, The US Electron-Ion Collider, Muon collider.
creator: Oliver Br¨uning
creator: Massimo Giovannozzi
creator: John M. Jowett
creator: Elias M´etral
creator: Louis Rinolfi
creator: Todd Satogata
creator: Daniel Schulte
creator: Frank Zimmermann
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1925
ending page: 1925

***III.4.1 — Introduction
type: item
description: No abstract.
creator: Elias Métral
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1925
ending page: 1925
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1925

***III.4.2 — LHC and HL-LHC
type: item
description: No abstract.
creator: Oliver Br¨uning
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1939
ending page: 1939
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1939

***III.4.3 — Nuclear collisions at the LHC
type: item
description: No abstract.
creator: John M. Jowett
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1953
ending page: 1953
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1953

***III.4.4 — The Future CERN Circular hadron collider
type: item
description: No abstract.
creator: Massimo Giovannozzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1971
ending page: 1971
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1971

***III.4.5 — Electron-positron circular colliders
type: item
description: No abstract.
creator: Frank Zimmermann
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1981
ending page: 1981
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1981

***III.4.6 — Future high-energy linear lepton colliders
type: item
description: No abstract.
creator: Louis Rinolfi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 1991
ending page: 1991
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.1991

***III.4.7 — The US electron ion collider
type: item
description: No abstract.
creator: Todd Satogata
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2005
ending page: 2005
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2005

***III.4.8 — Muon collider
type: item
description: No abstract.
creator: Daniel Schulte
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2011
ending page: 2011
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2011

III.5 — Non-linear beam manipulations in the transverse space
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">In recent years, high-energy particle accelerators utilizing superconducting magnets, which inherently possess non-linear field errors, have significantly advanced the field of non-linear beam dynamics. While non-linear dynamics can introduce detrimental effects <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">on the behavior of charged particles, they also offer opportunities for innovation. Non-linear beam dynamics provides the potential for novel approaches to beam manipulation. This contribution explores and examines the central concepts underpinning these<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> advanced manipulations.
creator: Massimo Giovannozzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2017
ending page: 2017
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2017

III.6 — Beam coupling impedance measurements with beam and on a bench
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The beam coupling impedance is one of the key quantities describing the interaction between a particle beam travelling in a particle accelerator and its surroundings. Under specific circumstances, the impedance can lead to severe beam instabilities which limit <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">the overall performance of a running accelerator or pose challenges for the achievement of a project. <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">In this contribution, we present the main techniques in use to characterize the impedance either with beam-based procedures, or with RF measurements on a test bench. The former is usually performed on running machines for which limitations are found or need<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-f…
creator: Nicol`o Biancacci
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2029
ending page: 2029
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2029

III.7 — X-ray free-electron-lasers
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) facilities are unique tools providing extremely brilliant X-rays that allow the observation of matter on the scale of atomic processes. In this chapter we will qualitatively explain some fundamental concepts related to undulator and FEL radiation and we will describe the X-ray FEL facilities, including the typical layout, some basic concepts about electron beam dynamics and properties, and current facilities.
creator: Eduard Prat
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2057
ending page: 2057
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2057

III.8 — Energy recovery linacs
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The seminar on energy-recovery linacs (ERLs) is giving an overview of the field: How does an ERL work? What have been important milestones in ERL history? What are the reasons to use an ERL instead of a conventional accelerator? As examples of the landscape of machines, ranging from ancient ERLs up to future projects, this chapter will give results of the runs from CBETA (USA) and S-DALINAC (Germany). The way to future ERLs will also be addressed.
creator: Michaela Arnold
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2073
ending page: 2073
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2073

III.9 — Accelerator driven systems
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Accelerator driven systems (ADS) are considered as devices for the transmutation of long-lived nuclear waste. This chapter aims at giving an overview of the nuclear waste management issues and the accelerator requirements for successful ADS operation, in particular the stringent beam availability requirement. It then highlights the most significant activities worldwide in this domain. Common features are: high-power superconducting proton linacs and reliability-oriented R&D.
creator: Fr´ed´eric Bouly
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2085
ending page: 2085
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2085

III.10 — Dielectric laser accelerators
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The concept of a dielectric laser accelerator (DLA) leverages manifold improvements in semiconductor manufacturing and near-infrared laser technology. Energy from a driving laser is transferred to charged particles through the interaction in a sub-micron-scale <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">structure made of glass, silicon, or other dielectrics.<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-str…
creator: Benedikt Hermann
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2119
ending page: 2119
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2119

III.11 — Radiation oncology: biology, physics and clinical applications
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Ionizing radiation is one of the main modalities used for cancer treatment and has been used in the clinic since the discovery of X-rays and radioactivity at the end of the 19th century. The development of linear accelerators (linacs) in the 1950s allowed treatment <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">of deeply seated tumours and sparing of the skin. Further improvements in imaging, computer-assisted planning, dose-delivery techniques and globally treatment equipment, allowed vast improvements in curability and reduced toxicity; nowadays, over 50% of<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> cancer patients receive radiotherapy. The majority of radiotherapy treatments globally are delivered with megavoltage electron linacs. Access to radiotherapy…
creator: Andr´e Durham
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2123
ending page: 2123
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2123

III.12 — Machine learning
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Machine learning (ML) is a powerful new mathematical toolbox that allows for new possibilities in a broad variety of research areas. It enables machines to fulfill tasks without being explicitly programmed. There is no reason to believe why machine learning cannot be applied to particle accelerators. After a short introduction to machine learning, in this chapter the existing applications to particle accelerators are reviewed with examples on the PSI accelerator complex.
creator: Jochem Snuverink
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2131
ending page: 2131
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2131

III.13 — CERN LIU project: beam dynamics aspects and solutions
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The goal of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project was to increase the intensity and brightness in the LHC injectors in order to match the challenging requirements of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project, while ensuring high availability and reliable <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">operation of the injectors complex throughout the whole HL-LHC era. Fulfilling this goal required identifying the main performance limitations across all LHC injectors (Linac2, the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB), the Proton Synchrotron (PS), the Super Proton<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; …
creator: Giovanni Rumolo
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2141
ending page: 2141
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2141

III.14 — CERN beamline for fixed-target experiments
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">Fixed-target experiments are continuing to play a major role in the very beginnings of accelerator-based studies in particle physics. While collider experiments dominate the exploration in the high-energy domain, fixed-target experiments still cover the important <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">complementary domain, as they permit experiments with extremely high event rates. In addition, they play a crucial role in detector prototype testing and calibration, as well as radiation-hardness tests. <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">This chapter summarises the purpose of the fixed-target beam lines, focusing on the beam lines present at CERN. It explains the basics of beam interaction with the target and the production of secondary partic…
creator: Alexander Gerbershagen
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2155
ending page: 2155
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2155

III.15 — Plasma wakefield acceleration and the AWAKE experiment at CERN
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The high gradient of plasma wakefield acceleration <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">makes this technology very interesting for reducing <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">the size (and cost) for future linear colliders. The idea is to use plasma to convert the transverse electric field of a drive bunch into a longitudinal electric field in the plasma. <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration…
creator: Edda Gschwendtner
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2167
ending page: 2167
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2167

III.16 — Magnets for future colliders: the Muon Collider as a case study
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">The Muon Collider, one of the options considered for the future of particle physics at the energy frontier, poses many challenges to accelerator technology. The magnets for the muon beam production, acceleration and collision are one of the most demanding <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">systems, for many reasons. Firstly, collider performance in terms of energy and luminosity translates in the demand for high fields, high field rates, and large apertures, thus challenging magnet science and engineering well beyond state-of-the-art. At the same<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal;…
creator: Luca Bottura
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-19
publication date: 2024-11-19
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: 2179
ending page: 2179
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.2179

Front matter
type: item
description: This volume is the outcome of 30 years of teaching, training more than 1400 students, and it is closer to a textbook than to the regular proceedings of specialised schools. It addresses beginners in the field of particle accelerator physics, generally graduate students with a scientific background. This book is a broad and up-to-date introduction to the field. More than 60 authors agreed to provide their contributions, which yielded this volume published in four parts. ISBN 978-92-9083-670-4 (PDF) CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings: ISSN 2519-805X (Online) Proceedings DOI: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003 This volume should be cited as: Proceedings of the Joint Universities Accelerator School (JUAS): Courses and exercises, E. Métral et al. (eds.) CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, CERN-2024-003 (CERN, Geneva, 2024)
creator: - -
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV

Preface
type: item
description: <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">When the decision was made to launch basic courses on the physics and technology of particle acceler- ators in the 1990s, this field was developing successfully at CERN, mainly for fundamental research in nuclear and particle<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;"> <span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline !important; float: none;">physics. Not far from CERN, two other research laboratories were taking off and would soon gain an international reputation: 1) the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Villigen, Switzerland, with a large proton ring accelerator as its<span style="caret-color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; te…
creator: Marcelle Rey-Campagnolle
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 CERN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
license: deed.en
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: v
ending page: v
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.v

Table of contents
type: item
description: List of all chapters in the four parts.
creator: - -
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
volume: 3
number: I–IV
starting page: xi
ending page: xi
doi: 10.23730/CYRSP-2024-003.xi