Designing an AI Career Mentor for Early Career Researchers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23726/cij.2024.1576Keywords:
Generative artificial intelligence, Career Development, Early career researcher, MentorshipAbstract
This study describes the design and evaluation of a Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) digital mentor tailored for Early Career Researchers (ECRs). Despite the proven benefits of mentorships for ECRs, access to effective mentorship remains limited due to constraints on experienced researchers’ time and their varying mentorship skills. Drawing on Career Construction Theory, research career mentorship, and Design Science methodology, this article documents the creation of a digital mentor and evaluates its assessment accuracy and guidance specificity in responding to career-related queries. The findings indicate that the digital mentor was fast, provided actionable career progression mentoring comments, and made explicit references to the mentee’s experience, skills, and university’s strategy. However, its skills assessment had weak similarity when compared to the mentee’s self-assessment, a peer assessment, and a research leader’s assessment of the mentee’s skills. Nonetheless, ECRs can consider using a digital mentor to obtain fast contextualised comments on developing their career within their university.
References
Berg, J. M., Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2010). Perceiving and responding to challenges in job crafting at different ranks: When proactivity requires adaptivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(2–3), 158–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.645
Browning, L., Thompson, K., & Dawson, D. (2014). Developing future research leaders: Designing early career researcher programs to enhance track record. International Journal for Researcher Development, 5(2), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRD-08-2014-0019
Byars-Winston, A., Gutierrez, B., Topp, S., & Carnes, M. (2011). Integrating Theory and Practice to Increase Scientific Workforce Diversity: A Framework for Career Development in Graduate Research Training. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 10(4), 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.10-12-0145
Cai, Z., Guan, Y., Li, H., Shi, W., Guo, K., Liu, Y., Li, Q., Han, X., Jiang, P., Fang, Z., & Hua, H. (2015). Self-esteem and proactive personality as predictors of future work self and career adaptability: An examination of mediating and moderating processes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 86, 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.10.004
Clark, R. A., Harden, S. L., & Johnson, W. B. (2000). Mentor Relationships in Clinical Psychology Doctoral Training: Results of a National Survey. Teaching of Psychology, 27(4), 262–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328023TOP2704_04
Creed, P. A., Fallon, T., & Hood, M. (2009). The relationship between career adaptability, person and situation variables, and career concerns in young adults. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(2), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.12.004
de Vries, J. (2005). More than the sum of its parts: 10 years of the Leadership Development for Women programme at UWA. The University of Western Australia.
Dickson, K. S., Glass, J. E., Barnett, M. L., Graham, A. K., Powell, B. J., & Stadnick, N. A. (2021). Value of peer mentoring for early career professional, research, and personal development: A case study of implementation scientists. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 5(1), e112. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.776
Du, Y., Li, S., Torralba, A., Tenenbaum, J. B., & Mordatch, I. (2023). Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debate (arXiv:2305.14325). arXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14325
Eby, L. T., McManus, S. E., Simon, S. A., & Russell, J. E. A. (2000). The Protege’s Perspective Regarding Negative Mentoring Experiences: The Development of a Taxonomy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 57(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1726
Feldman, M. D., Arean, P. A., Marshall, S. J., Lovett, M., & O’Sullivan, P. (2010). Does mentoring matter: Results from a survey of faculty mentees at a large health sciences university. Medical Education Online, 15(1), 5063. https://doi.org/10.3402/meo.v15i0.5063
Ferguson, H., & Wheat, K. L. (2015). Early career academic mentoring using Twitter: The case of #ECRchat. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 37(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2014.991533
Fleming, M., House, S., Hanson, V. S., Yu, L., Garbutt, J., McGee, R., Kroenke, K., Abedin, Z., & Rubio, D. M. (2013). The Mentoring Competency Assessment: Validation of a New Instrument to Evaluate Skills of Research Mentors. Academic Medicine, 88(7), 1002–1008. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e318295e298
Fuller, B., & Marler, L. E. (2009). Change driven by nature: A meta-analytic review of the proactive personality literature. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(3), 329–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.05.008
Gloria, C. T., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2016). Relationships Among Positive Emotions, Coping, Resilience and Mental Health. Stress and Health, 32(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2589
Hughes, S., Bae, M., Mendelevitch, O., Ashimine, I. E., & Li, M. (2024). Vectara Hallucination Leaderboard [Computer software]. https://github.com/vectara/hallucination-leaderboard (Original work published 2023)
Kojima, T., Gu, S. S., Reid, M., Matsuo, Y., & Iwasawa, Y. (2022, December 28). Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35 (NeurIPS 2022). 36th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, New Orleans, United States. https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2022/hash/8bb0d291acd4acf06ef112099c16f326-Abstract-Conference.html
Levinson, D. J. (1991). The Seasons of Man’s Life. Ballantine.
Lin, Z. (2023). AI Career Mentor [ChatGPT]. OpenAI. https://chatgpt.com/g/g-0qcMJp6rn-ai-career-mentor
Lunsford, L. G., Baker, V., Griffin, K. A., & Johnson, W. B. (2013). Mentoring: A Typology of Costs for Higher Education Faculty. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 21(2), 126–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2013.813725
McAlpine, L., & Amundsen, C. (2018). Chapter 5: Post-PhD Researchers—What is in the Cards? In L. McAlpine & C. Amundsen, Identity-Trajectories of Early Career Researchers (pp. 75–93). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95287-8_6
Nalis, I., Kubicek, B., & Korunka, C. (2022). Resources to respond: A career construction theory perspective on demands, adaptability, and career crafting. The Career Development Quarterly, 70(2), 138–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12293
Nilforooshan, P. (2020). From Adaptivity to Adaptation: Examining the Career Construction Model of Adaptation. The Career Development Quarterly, 68(2), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12216
Peckham, S., & Jeff, D. (2024, January 30). Understanding and adapting to data drift. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/ai/playbook/capabilities/ml-lifecycle-management/drift-and-adaptation/drift-overview
Polkinghorne, D. E. (1990). Action theory approaches to career research. In W. A. Borgen & R. A. Young, Methodological approaches to the study of career (pp. 87–105). Bloomsbury.
Pordelan, N., Hosseinian, S., & Baei Lashaki, A. (2021). Digital storytelling: A tool for life design career intervention. Education and Information Technologies, 26(3), 3445–3457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10403-0
Powell, K. (2015). The future of the postdoc. Nature, 520(7546), 144–147. https://doi.org/10.1038/520144a
Ragins, B. R., & Kram, K. E. (2007). The Roots and Meaning of Mentoring. In B. R. Ragins & K. E. Kram, The Handbook of Mentoring at Work: Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 3–16). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976619.n1
Roberts, G. G. (2002). Introduction. In SET for success: The supply of people with science, technology, engineering and mathematics skills. HM Treasury. https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/id/eprint/4511/
Rodriguez, E. (2023). Research Mentor [ChatGPT]. OpenAI. https://chatgpt.com/g/g-mZkipH6xh-research-mentor
Romme, G. (2023). Design science as experimental methodology in innovation and entrepreneurship research: A primer. CERN IdeaSquare Journal of Experimental Innovation, 7(2): 4-7. https://doi.org/10.23726/CIJ.2022.1427
Sambunjak, D., Straus, S. E., & Marušić, A. (2006). Mentoring in Academic Medicine: A Systematic Review. JAMA, 296(9), 1103. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.9.1103
Savickas, M. L. (2013). Career Construction Theory and Practice. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work (2nd ed., pp. 147–183). John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swin/detail.action?docID=1104490
Savickas, M. L. (2015). Career counseling paradigms: Guiding, developing, and designing. In P. J. Hartung, M. L. Savickas, & W. B. Walsh (Eds.), APA handbook of career intervention, Volume 1: Foundations. (pp. 129–143). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14438-008
Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011
Scandura, T. A. (1998). Dysfunctional Mentoring Relationships and Outcomes. Journal of Management, 24(3), 449–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(99)80068-3
Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Crant, J. M. (2001). What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proacive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology, 54(4), 845–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00234.x
Sinclair, P. M. (2023). Research Mentor by Dr P.M. Sinclair [ChatGPT]. OpenAI. https://chatgpt.com/g/g-WkixHrkis-research-mentor-by-dr-p-m-sinclair
Skakni, I., Calatrava Moreno, M. D. C., Seuba, M. C., & McAlpine, L. (2019). Hanging tough: Post-PhD researchers dealing with career uncertainty. Higher Education Research & Development, 38(7), 1489–1503. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1657806
Tan, L. (2024). Designing my path through higher education: Identities, transitions, and instigations. In K. Hammond & N. Lemon (Eds.), Navigating Tensions and Transitions in Higher Education: Effective Skills for Maintaining Wellbeing and Self-care (pp. 141–156). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032701349-15
Van Der Weijden, I., Teelken, C., De Boer, M., & Drost, M. (2016). Career satisfaction of postdoctoral researchers in relation to their expectations for the future. Higher Education, 72(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9936-0
vitae. (2011, April). Researcher Development Framework. Careers Research and Advisory Centre (CRAC) Limited.
Wöhrer, V. (2014). To Stay or to Go? Narratives of Early-Stage Sociologists about Persisting in Academia. Higher Education Policy, 27(4), 469–487. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2014.22
Xu, B., Yang, A., Lin, J., Wang, Q., Zhou, C., Zhang, Y., & Mao, Z. (2023). ExpertPrompting: Instructing Large Language Models to be Distinguished Experts (arXiv:2305.14688). arXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14688
Ye, X. (2023). Career Mentor [ChatGPT]. OpenAI. https://chatgpt.com/g/g-jlFLop2bm-career-mentor
Zhang, X., Savickas, M. L., Ma, Y., Li, C., Xue, W., & Wang, R. (2024). From Adaptive Readiness to Adaptation Results Testing the Career Construction Model of Adaptation in Chinese Adolescents. Journal of Career Assessment, 32(3), 578–597. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727231213810
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Linus Tan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).