Reconfiguring Data Power: Participatory Design with Third-Sector Organisations at the Local Level
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23726/cij.2026.1825Keywords:
Participatory design, overtaken participation, data power, Third Sector Organizations, data reuseAbstract
Despite Third‑Sector Organisations (TSOs) routinely collecting data for their services, limited resources often prevent them from taking advantage of data sharing and reuse. These constraints place TSOs in a weak position, where other actors control relevant data, digital infrastructures and access rights. Such control reflects forms of data power that shape how micro and small TSOs (MS-TSOs) participate in Participatory Design (PD) and co-creation aimed at imagining social innovation around data sharing and reuse. When MS‑TSOs engage in PD, their involvement can be overtaken by actors with stronger influence over data processes. In this paper we argue that the collaborative nature of PD can help local TSOs work together to rethink how data power operates and how its effects might be challenged. This paper examines these issues through a case study on data reuse and sharing, involving MS‑TSOs in the prototype design of a platform for sharing data. The analysis shows how participation in co-creation can contribute to reshaping power relations, offering MS‑TSOs renewed agency.
References
Andersen, L. B., Danholt, P., Halskov, K., Hansen, N. B., & Lauritsen, P. (2015). Participation as a matter of concern in participatory design. CoDesign, 11(3-4), 250-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2015.1081246
Bassetti, C., Sciannamblo, M., Lyle, P., Teli, M., De Paoli, S., & De Angeli, A. (2019). Co-designing for common values: Creating hybrid spaces to nurture autonomous cooperation. CoDesign, 15(3), 256–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2019.1637897
Bjerknes, G., & Bratteteig, T. (1995). User Participation and Democracy: A Discussion of Scandinavian Research on System Development. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 7(1), Article 1. https://aisel.aisnet.org/sjis/vol7/iss1/1/
Boswell, K., Gyateng, T., & Noble, J. (2016). Freeing up health analysis. Using government data to help improve health services. New Philanthropy Capital. https://www.thinknpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NPC-Freeing-Up-Health-Analysis.pdf
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. London: SAGE Publications.
De Las Casas, L., Gyateng, T., & Pritchard, D. (2013). The power of data: Is the charity sector ready to plug in? New Philanthropy Capital. https://www.thinknpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/The-power-of-data.pdf
Del Gaudio, C., de Oliveira, A. J., & Franzato, C. (2014). The influence of local powers on participatory design processes in marginalized conflict areas. Proceedings of the 13th Participatory Design Conference on Research Papers - PDC ’14, 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1145/2661435.2661440
Ehn, P. (2008). Participation in Design Things. Participatory Design Conference (PDC), Bloomington, Indiana, USA (2008), 92–101.
Erete, S., Ryou, E., Smith, G., Fassett, K. M., & Duda, S. (2016). Storytelling with Data: Examining the Use of Data by Non-Profit Organizations. Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, 1273–1283. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2820068
GOV.UK. (2022). The role of Voluntary, Community, and Social Enterprise (VCSE) organisations in public procurement. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-role-of-voluntary-community-and-social-enterprise-vcse-organisations-in-public-procurement/the-role-of-voluntary-community-and-social-enterprise-vcse-organisations-in-public-procurement
Harvey, A. (2016). Big Data and The Third Sector: Opportunities and Challenges. Available from: https://peopleknowhow.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/bigdata_arthurharvey.pdf (accessed 04 August 2026)
Hepp, A., Jarke, J., & Kramp, L. (2022). New perspectives in Critical Data Studies: The ambivalences of data power (p. 473). Springer Nature.
Holtzblatt, K., Wendell, J. B., & Wood, S. (2005). Rapid contextual design: A how-to guide to key techniques for user-centered design. San Francisco, CA: Elsevier.
Iliadis, A., & Russo, F. (2016). Critical data studies: An introduction. Big Data & Society, 3(2), https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716674238
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Lee, J., Mathews, M., & Tan, R. (2017). Mobilising Diverse Community Assets to Meet Social Needs. https://doi.org/10.25818/TTVB-5CV7
Manzini, E. (2015). Design, when everybody designs: An introduction to design for social innovation. The MIT Press.
Mulder, I. (2018). Co-creative partnerships as catalysts for social change. Strategic Design Research Journal, 11(3), 178–185. https://doi.org/10.4013/sdrj.2018.113.01
National Audit Office. (2010). Successful commissioning toolkit: What are third sector organisations and their benefits for commissioners? National Audit Office (NAO). https://www.nao.org.uk/successful-commissioning/introduction/what-are-civil-society-organisations-and-their-benefits-for-commissioners/
OSCR. (2020). Scottish charity and public survey 2020 report. https://www.oscr.org.uk/media/3990/2020-07-27-scottish-charity-and-public-surveys-2020-report-june-2020-v2.pdf
Prost, S., Vlachokyriakos, V., Midgley, J., Heron, G., Meziant, K., & Crivellaro, C. (2019). Infrastructuring Food Democracy: The Formation of a Local Food Hub in the Context of Socio-Economic Deprivation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(CSCW), 1–27.
Puri, S. K., Byrne, E., Nhampossa, J. L., & Quraishi, Z. B. (2004). Contextuality of participation in IS design: A developing country perspective. Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Participatory Design Artful Integration: Interweaving Media, Materials and Practices - PDC 04, 1, 42.
Ruppert, E., Isin, E., & Bigo, D. (2017). Data politics. Big data & society,4(2), 2053951717717749. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717717749
Sanders, E. B.-N., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. CoDesign, 4(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15710880701875068
Scheuerman, M. K., Hanna, A., & Denton, E. (2021). Do datasets have politics? Disciplinary values in computer vision dataset development. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (CSCW2), 1-37.
Selloni, D., & Corubolo, M. (2017). Design for social enterprises. Co-designing an organizational and cultural change. The Design Journal, 20(sup1), 3005–3019. https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352809
Spinuzzi C. (2005). The Methodology of Participatory Design. Technical Communication 52(2):163-174.
Winner, L. (1980). Do artifacts have politics? Daedalus, 109, 121–136.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Olena Saienko, Stefano De Paoli

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
